Factors That Provide Technology Gain in Development and Industrialization

In general, states increase the amount of resources they allocate to education, cooperate with other countries, encourage foreign direct investments involving technology transfer, and encourage the public and private sector to invest in R&D in a way that will serve the purpose of realizing technological development.

Among the elements of a state's R&D and innovation capacity, which have an increasing role in the success of development strategies to be determined within the framework of political economy; Research institutions, universities, institutions with a special mission that act as a bridge between the state and companies, various enterprises, technoparks, technoparks, technology transfer centers or offices, joint research centers, training centers, incubations, university-industry cooperation centers, patent offices, etc. private sector organizations. In this context, in our article, we will briefly touch upon university-industry cooperation, R&D, innovation and technopark.

University-Industry Cooperation

Universities are formal education and training institutions that can meet the educational needs of the human capital required for industry. They are expected to use the results of their research for educational purposes. Some of the university graduates are used as human capital by the industrial sector. It is aimed that the graduates of universities reflect the knowledge and skills they learned at the universities in this way. Industrial workers use the social networks and informal contacts they developed while studying at the university as a source of reference to solve the problems they encounter in their jobs. While partially simpler issues can be resolved through informal contacts, broad issues can trigger joint research in university-industry cooperation. Universities, consulting, co-research, technology development, undergraduate jobs, etc. can support a wide range of businesses.

R&D

Research and Development (R&D) can be briefly defined as any basic, applied and experimental research and development activity that contributes to the knowledge creation process. The knowledge that emerges in basic and applied research processes is used to develop new products, services, processes and systems. One of the facts that traditional economic theories assume but that economists cannot exclude is that technology is not easily accessible and unlimitedly usable by everyone. For this reason, R&D processes and innovation and development activities are seen as a necessity for progress in the technological field as a whole.

R&D can positively affect the technological development of many industries. It would be appropriate to give government support not only to 'basic' R&D, but also to R&D for focal technologies. If an innovation-oriented approach is adopted as a result of determining and implementing R&D policies by selecting focus sectors in line with the needs of the country's industry, further progress can be made in the product development and commercialization processes. R&D activities provide high added value to the extent that they can create “commercial commodity” as a product. The need for "productive information" (technology), which is the product of mental labor (creative intelligence), which is the source of development and industrialization, is also the basis of R&D processes.

We can say that three types of “products” emerged as a result of R&D studies:

The first one is “knowledge” and emerges as a result of simple research.

The second is “technology” and is obtained as a result of applied research.

“Products” are the outputs developed with R&D.

The common point of these three products is the idea; It is the source of the creative impulse in the R&D process. With this creative impulse, existing data, information, information and technologies are transformed into new knowledge, technologies, products and/or processes.

The sectors where R&D investments are made the most are those that produce with advanced technology. These sectors include the defense industry, aerospace technologies sector, pharmaceutical sector, semiconductors and advanced metal alloys sector, and information-communication technologies sectors.

When we look at the findings of studies that associate R&D and innovation with an economic output, we see that R&D expenditures positively affect firm production (or productivity) (the specific benefit of R&D is about 20-30%). Similar findings have been reached in studies that use sector-level data instead of firm-level data.

According to Romer, an American economist and new economic growth theorist, long-term growth of an economy can be achieved with policy measures such as R&D and/or education support/incentive.

In the endogenous growth theories based on the Austrian economist and political scientist Joseph Alois Schumpeter; It is accepted that technology is an internal phenomenon that will develop with inventions and innovations in the economy, and that technological competition is the driving force of economic growth.

Romer also bases economic growth on internal factors, especially technological innovation and R&D activities.

techno logical developments are the extension of R&D activities. Technological development and innovation increase the profits and market shares of the companies, as well as the increase in exports and economic growth, with the new products it creates. Those who can use their technological competence effectively and efficiently in production have a production mechanism that gives them superiority over others. Those who can renew their technologies and transfer them to production with R&D and innovation can find a solution to the technological gap problem. Naturally, success is achieved in production and development processes. The share of technology increases in every new good and service introduced as a high-tech product.

Innovation

Since the second half of the nineteenth century, as a natural result of industrial revolutions, scientific-based technological innovations (electricity, internal combustion engines, electronics, nuclear energy, etc.) have been the main source and catalyst of development and economic development in developed countries. A new product, a more efficient industrial process, or a new means of transport has the capacity to generate a strong revival for a given industry. Even if a country is developed, its ability to go further than its current level, at least to maintain its position, is directly proportional to the development of its competitiveness abilities. A nation's competitiveness is shaped by how innovative it can be.

In our previous articles, Freeman, who is known for his studies on baby industry and/or focus industry policies, mentioned the efforts of List, which laid out the foundations of the National Political Economy System. “The list has not only highlighted the importance of the national innovation system by addressing issues such as education and training institutions, science, technical schools, user-manufacturer interaction learning, knowledge accumulation, adaptation of imported technology, promotion of strategic industries, which are still being studied intensively; At the same time, he also examined the role of the state in the coordination and successful conclusion of long-term industrial and economic policies and attached great importance to this”.

The Evolutionary Approach led by Nelson and Winter; Based on the work of Schumpeter, who defines innovation as the driving force behind economy and development, he sees technological innovation capacity as the engine of economic development.

Indeed, a developing country's ability to increase its competitiveness depends on the development of its technological capabilities. Productivity increases with technological innovations. It would be beneficial to establish a national innovation system to increase the capacity of the manufacturing industry and the economy as a whole to use and absorb technology.

However, the scientific and technological background and infrastructure of developing countries is not sufficient for the requirements of the innovation process. Research universities and institutes are needed for a deep-rooted innovation culture. Work such as copy product development, deepening and conversion into new products is required at the beginning of the innovation process. An innovation-based product development culture that will be gained over time can enable new generation technological innovations to be achieved by increasing knowledge and skills. The average distribution of activities within the scope of product development is as follows.

(1) Knowledge generation, conceptualization (research, basic invention) 5-10%;

(2) Product design and engineering 10-20%;

(3) Preparation for industrial production 40-60%;

(4) Industrial production stage 5-15%;

(5) Marketing, market penetration 10-20%.

Within the scope of technological innovations, the first commercial production of a completely new product or changes that increase the quality of an existing product are defined as "product innovation". Process innovation is the production of an existing product with a new process. The innovation performances of the national economies depend on the innovation capacity and the physical and human capital accumulation that will provide this. The technological change and development process necessitates a long and costly learning process. Some key innovation indicators that can give an idea in country comparisons are listed below.

(1) Innovation counts (surveys) made in certain periods in the economy,

(2) Sales of patents, patent applications and patent usage rights,

(3) Scientific publications,

(4) R&D expenditures and studies,

(5) Number of researchers.

The innovation capability of a country requires the coordination of multiple actors. Industry, university and state trio; Based on the need to act in a systemic integrity and a certain harmony, the triple-helix model has been developed.

According to this model, the university; it can enable the building of an increasingly knowledge-equipped society. As knowledge becomes the pillar of innovation, the university begins to play a major role in the innovation system as an institution that produces and distributes knowledge. States universities in science-based economic development waits for him to play. The state plays a leading role for the industry and the university to act in closer cooperation. triple helix model; uses three institutional elements (public, private, and academic) as critical elements of the innovation process.

In the national development and innovation model, which expresses the transformation of knowledge into an economic benefit (a commercial product), the party that will produce knowledge and turn this research process into a commercial product is the industry, while the university carries out the necessary research for this. The state, on the other hand, is expected to make the necessary regulations and undertake a function that provides incentives and supports.

Technoparks

Technoparks, which are expected to assume the function of R&D and innovation centers, can be designed as development or innovative. According to the development-oriented approach, technoparks should be structures that support economic growth, create new employment areas, and produce high value-added products with advanced technology. The main goal is to attract companies that produce with high technology to technoparks, rather than establishing new technology companies inside.

The innovative approach creates structures to develop new technologies and establishes an ecosystem that facilitates technology transfer. Incubation (technology development) center, technology transfer office, educational organs form the backbone of the system. The main goal is to establish and operate new companies with high technology. The purpose of incubations is to provide an environment for the establishment of successful companies that are financially sustainable and can stand on their own feet. These centers are; It creates an entrepreneurial environment, provides access to mentors and investors, and increases visibility for marketing.

Conclusion

In order to realize technological development in a country, policies and controlled practices to be determined by the state in coordination and in coordination are needed. Technology acquisition cannot be sufficient just by establishing a national innovation system. Approaches that deal with issues such as education and training institutions, science infrastructure, technical schools, user-manufacturer interaction learning, knowledge accumulation, adaptation of imported technology, promotion of strategic industries should assume a function and task integrated into the national innovation system. In all these, the role of the state is vital in the coordination and successful conclusion of long-term industrial and economic policies. Success comes naturally if the effective and productive locomotive role of the state as a system leads the process.

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