What is the James Web Space Telescope? How are space calculations done?

I am not a physics engineer. Therefore, I don't know much about such complicated calculations. 

The calculations we make are more based on tangible information.

How much the concrete weighs, the bricks, plaster, cladding, I don't know, this structure will be lived in, so if we accept the load per square meter, including people, including furniture, which we call moving load, if you add the safety coefficients, add, subtract, multiply, divide, put it in the formula, you can make the static calculation of a structure.

In fact, you don't even have to try that much anymore, you draw an architecture on the computer and you say to make structural modeling accordingly, the computer solves the system itself, it does the calculation on it, you just have to check if there is a mistake.

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Physicists' calculations are a bit more complicated. Since I am an engineer, I look at these calculations from time to time. 

Even though I don't understand much, from those complicated calculations, experts working in the field of theoretical physics come up with the results that there is this much visible matter, this much dark matter, and this much dark energy in the universe.

We are forced to believe in these ratios that are put in front of us.

But how do they know how much matter there is in the universe? 

What is the method scientists use, have you ever wondered?

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There are so many telescopes on Earth, there are telescopes sent into space, and these telescopes are constantly collecting information about the universe.

So much information is being collected about the universe that it's actually not easy to get to the bottom of it.

But when you think about it, the information that can be gathered is actually the light coming from the galaxies! 

Both the light spectra that we see with our eyes and the parts of the diapason that are not visible light, namely infrared and ultraviolet radiation, are among the information that can be gathered.

Radio waves, gravitational waves, and the detection of different particles reaching the Earth's surface from space are also included in the research.

But the main information collected is the spectrum of incoming light.

With the amount of incoming light, scientists somehow determine how much matter is in space.

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But what relation is there between the knowledge of how much mass matter has and the light coming from space?

Yes, there is, according to the brightness of the incoming light, according to its energy, we can understand how big a star the light source is. 

Therefore, its mass is measured in this way.

Is that possible? It could be a star with less light, but it could be a star with a much denser mass, couldn't it?

It could be, but the incoming light is also decomposed into color spectra, and according to the color distributions in the spectrum, we can determine how much of which elements are present in that star. Therefore, the mass can be calculated.

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Look, again, this method doesn't quite make sense to me.

Okay, color spectra and so on, but what if the light is somehow coming from a very bright star? 

For example, nuclear reactions are so violent in that star that it shines much brighter. Isn't that possible? 

What does the amount of light coming in have to do with the mass of the star?

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Actually, you are right, there are stars that emit the same amount of light and have different masses, but as I said, since the light spectra are also analyzed, the most accurate prediction is made with other information, just like that, supported predictions are made. 

So naturally we have to keep in mind that there is a margin of error in the estimates.

So, in fact, most of what they call the calculations are atmospheric! Calculations based on predictions, is that so?

Yes, unfortunately.

First of all, the light that reaches us is light from millions and billions of years ago. 

So maybe that star is no longer there. That star may have died, it may have gone supernova, it may have been blown to smithereens, scattered across the universe.

The star on the other side is a much closer star, but still the light that reaches us is the light from millions of years ago.

One is information from so many years ago, the other from a completely different time ago.

Is it possible to get out of this?

How realistic is it to make a mass estimation or something like that based on light from these different times, and only the incoming light, and then derive a formula from all this information and say that the results given by that formula are correct? 

Is it possible to believe in the accuracy of such calculations?

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This is what some scientists are nowadays claiming that all these physics calculations are wrong.

Neither the age of the universe is correct, nor the results of the calculations are correct, because the formulas used in the calculations are not correct.

With today's supercomputers, some of the characteristic coefficients of your universe are being recalculated.

Artificial intelligence is involved, and it is thought that AI will analyze the incoming information much better, and perhaps come up with much more accurate formulas.

Who knows, maybe the Einstein of the future is an AI!

Couldn't it be?

To tell you the truth, I think we should reconsider our existing judgments in light of the new information that is becoming available every day.

I am not sure how accurate it is to make predictions about fundamental issues such as mass based on knowledge of the amount of light.

First Kepler, Hubble, then James Webb, and recently the Euclidean telescope sent into space by Europe, all these telescopes are helping us to understand the details in the depths of space better every day.

Maybe we really need to revisit the formulas.

Maybe we as human beings really don't have the capacity to handle all this information.

Maybe an artificial intelligence will develop a much more consistent formula.

I hope that all these and similar developments will bear fruit in the near future.

As always, stay with science, you cannot be wrong

Love and regards to everyone from Moscow