ATATÜRK, On the 83th Anniversary of his death

Today, November 10, 2021, on the 83rd anniversary of the death of the founder of the Turkish Republic, the Great Leader Gazi Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK, we, as the Turkish Nation, commemorate him with gratitude, mercy, longing, love and respect.
Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK was born in the Ahmet Subasi Neighborhood of Thessaloniki in 1881, in a three-storey, middle-class pink house. His father is Ali Rıza Efendi and his mother is Zübeyde Hanım. His paternal grandfather, Hafız Ahmet Efendi, immigrated from Aydın-Söke and settled in Thessaloniki. Feyzullah Hacı Sofular, the father of Zübeyde Hanım, migrated to Macedonia and in 1810 from the Vodina-Sarıgöl subdistrict, after Karaman-Konya was taken from the Karamanoğulları, and settled in the town of Lankaza near Thessaloniki. Daughter of Turkish family from Turkmen tribes, she is from Kocacik Yoruks. Ali Rıza Efendi married Zübeyde Hanım in 1871 and died on 28 November 1893. Makbule Atadan family, who lived until January 18, 1956, 4 of her 5 siblings died at a young age; “My father, Ali Rıza Efendi, is native to Thessaloniki. They are from the "Yörük" dynasty. My mother was always proud of being a “Yörük”. He explained it with his words. ATATÜRK started his education in Hafız Mehmet Efendi neighborhood school in June 1887 and attended primary school in Semsi Efendi School in Thessaloniki upon his father's request. and in 1893 he entered Thessaloniki Military High School. In this school, the Mathematics teacher added "Kemal" to the name of Captain Mustafa Sabri Bey. He entered the Manastır Military High School on March 13, 1896, finished fourth in his class in 1998, and started his education at the Military Academy in Istanbul Pangaltı on March 13, 1899. He graduated with the rank of Lieutenant on February 10, 1902, continued to the Military Academy, and graduated from the academy with the rank of Staff Captain on January 11, 1905. Between 1905-1907, he was assigned to the 5th Army in Damascus, which was his first place of duty. He became a Senior Captain on 20 June 1907 and was appointed to the 3rd Army in Manastır on 13 October 1907. On 19 April 1909, he served as Chief of Staff in the Action Army. He was sent to Tobruk with the occupation of Tripoli by Italy in 1911, he won the Battle of Tobruk on 22 December 1911 and was assigned to the Derne Command on 6 March 1912. After successfully completing these duties, he participated in the Balkan War with his troops in Gallipoli and Bolayır with the rank of Major.

He served as Military Attaché in Sofia between 1913-1915 and was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel in 1914 while in this position. In 1915, he was assigned to Tekirdağ as the 19th Division Commander in the First World War and participated in the Battle of Çanakkale. He wrote a heroic epic in Çanakkale and made the Allies say "Çanakkale is impassable" and stopped the enemy forces that landed in Arıburnu on April 25, 1915, in the 19th Division, which he commanded, in Conkbayırı. He was promoted to the rank of Colonel on 1 June 1915, as the Commander of the Anafartalar Group, on 9-10 August, in Anafartalar, on 17 August in Kireçtepe and on 21 August, II. Anafartalar won their victory. He protected the honor of the Turkish nation, which gave 253,000 martyrs in the Battle of Çanakkale, and changed the fate of the front with his order to his soldiers, "I am not ordering you to attack, I am ordering you to die", and gained the title of "Hero of Anafartalar".
He served in Edirne and Diyarbakır in 1916 and was promoted to Major General on April 1, 1916. Fighting the Russian forces, he took Bingöl and Muş back from the enemy. After his short-term duties in Damascus and Aleppo, he came to Istanbul in 1917. He started his duty as the Commander of the 7th Army in Aleppo on 5 July 1917 and fought successful defensive battles against the British forces at the front. He resigned from his duty at the beginning of 17 October and was assigned to the General Headquarters on 7 November 1917. He went to Germany with Crown Prince Vahdettin Efendi on December 15-January 4, 1918, and made examinations at the front. After this trip, he went to Vienna and Karlsbad for kidney disease and was treated. He returned to Aleppo on 15 August 1918 as the commander of the 7th Army. After the signing of the Armistice of Mudros, he was appointed as the Commander of the Yıldırım Army Group on October 31, 1918, and came to Istanbul on November 13, 1918, and started his duty at the Ministry of National Defense.

He went to Samsun as the 9th Army Inspector on May 19, 1919, and declared to the Turkish nation in Amasya on June 22, 1919 that "the integrity of the homeland and the independence of the nation are in danger, the independence of the nation will be saved by the determination and decision of the nation." With the Erzurum Congress on 23 July-7 August 1919, and the Sivas Congress on 4-11 September 1919, the path to be followed for the liberation of the homeland was determined. In the congresses, decisions were taken and announced to the whole world that "the nation will defend the homeland against the enemy invasion, a temporary government will be established for this purpose, a national assembly will be convened, and mandate and protection will not be accepted". Arrived in Ankara on 27 December 1919, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) on 23 April 1920 He was elected as the President of the Parliament and the Government with the opening of the Republic of Turkey, and took important steps towards the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. After the victory of Sakarya Pitched War, which lasted 22 days and nights, on 23 August -13 September 1921, he was given the rank of "Marshal" and the title of "Gazi" by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. The “Great Offensive” started on August 26, 1922 to save the homeland from enemy occupation, defeated the Greek Army on August 30, 1922 and entered Izmir on September 9, 1922. With the signing of the Mudanya Armistice Agreement on October 11, 1922. Allied Powers withdrew from the Turkish lands they occupied. Ankara became the capital on 13 October 1923 and was elected as the first President with the proclamation of the Republic on 29 October 1923.
ATATÜRK lived in simplicity in his private life and married Latife Hanım on January 29, 1923, and the marriage lasted until August 5, 1925. With the law numbered 2587 on 24.11.1934, the surname "ATATÜRK" was given and its use by others was prohibited. Afet Inan adopted daughters named Sabiha Gökçen, Fikriye, Ülkü, Nebile, Rukiye, Zehra and a shepherd named Mustafa. He took the children named Abdürrahim and İhsan under his protection. She loved reading, listening to music, dancing, horseback riding and swimming. He was extremely interested in Zeybek dances, wrestling and Rumelian folk songs. He enjoyed playing backgammon and billiards. He greatly valued his dog, Fox, with his horse named “Sakarya”. He invited state, scientists, artists to dinners and discussed the problems of the country. He took care to dress cleanly and neatly, loved nature very much, and created the Atatürk Forest Farm.
ATATÜRK's disease process first started with lung inflammation in 1916 and kidney disease started in 1918. A year later, earaches started. At the beginning of his illness, he could not be diagnosed for a long time. Although there were always tides and doubts in the minds of the doctors and the people around them, until the diagnosis was made, time was almost lost by fighting against itching only. When he went to Samsun on May 19, 1919, he tried to relieve his discomfort with a hot bath every 5-6 hours. He suffered a chest pain that was diagnosed as a heart attack in 1924, and an infarct attack in 1927. In this process, frequent nosebleeds and itching on his body began. Doctor Asim Arar; He stated that "the beginning of the liver disease that caused Atatürk's death was at the end of 1936". At the end of 1937, his health started to deteriorate and the first sign of the fatal disease; weakness, reluctance, frequent nosebleeds.
ATATÜRK started his last journey to Yalova on January 20, 1938, came as the first guest of the newly opened Thermal Hotel and decided to undergo a treatment cure. During his stay in Yalova, he had frequent nosebleeds, increased itching and became seriously ill. The manager of the spa, who first diagnosed his illness, Prof.Dr. Nihat Reşat Belger; “I examined ATATÜRK for the first time on June 22, 1937 in Yalova. At that time, I could not see any signs of cirrhosis in him. However, 8 months after this date, I detected the finding of liver ailment during my examination in Yalova.” He made the diagnosis of the rash, declared that he had "Cirrhosis" due to the discomfort in the liver of the rash, and struggled with its treatment until his death. Reşat Belger to Ruşen Eşref Günaydın; “Atatürk spent the night in his apartment in Teram Hotel. The next morning, he entered the specially built bathroom in the hotel and called me. He reported his complaints. He wanted her to find a cure for the itching. I said: if you will excuse me, let me first examine your personality and try to determine the causes of itching”. ATATURK; Doctor, did you find the itch? Why? Document; "Yes sir. There is not even a shadow of doubt in the accuracy of my diagnosis. Your liver is hardened and slightly enlarged. The only cause of itching is this liver disease.” However, the fact that he has not been told about his liver disease even once has had a great impact on ATATÜRK. His personal doctor, Neşet Ömer İrdelp, also examined him and said, "Treat Atatürk as you wish, my brother." He approved the diagnosis and treatment with his promise.
Prime Minister Celal Bayar became aware of ATATÜRK's illness on February 28, 1938, during the Balkan Conference in Ankara. He asked permission to call two famous foreign specialist doctors from Germany and France. However, ATATÜRK; “There is the Hatay issue around. It won't be good if my sickness is heard outside. It is necessary to evaluate this point”, despite the strong insistence, the European doctor did not accept his control. Unfortunately, as a result of the exchange of views, the doctors stated that his condition was critical. Celal Bayar; On March 15, 1938; “When I asked foreign doctors to come, you refused and claimed that such a call would have an impact on the Hatay case. The biggest concern for us is your health. of the Turkish nation It is my duty to present that he has no other concern than your health. Please let us bring in a foreign expert”. This time ATATÜRK for the request of foreign experts to review the control and treatment method; "Child. Whatever you're going to do, do it quickly, I get it, I'm sick”. French Prof. Fiessinger examined him in Çankaya on March 28; “You are sick. I will cure you. You may be a great commander, you may have won great victories. But I'm in command of this business. I want your help, you will help me”. In the first communique published on March 30, 1938, when he was alive, Fiessinger said; It was stated that he had a flu and that there was no cause for concern in his health, that he was advised to rest for 1.5 months, but if he followed the recommendations, he could live for 7-8 more years.
ATATÜRK started to act as if he was not sick a few days later and watched the 19 May ceremonies in Ankara. “The Hatay issue is my personal case. We will take it.” In order to solve the "Hatay Issue", which he had promised on 21 July 1936, as the election date was approaching on 20-24 May 1938 in the sanjak of Iskenderun, he went on a trip to Mersin and Adana, where he was invited to die, although he was sick, in order to put pressure on the French. He inspected the military units under the hot sun and had them drill, he was very tired and had nosebleeds two or three times. Ülkü has disregarded his own health for the sake of the national cause he has acquired. His trip enabled the French to allow Turkish soldiers to enter the region. He has won battles to his death, but this time he has entered a field battle against death. Unfortunately he will lose this war. This travel caused an increase in his illness and he returned to Ankara on 26 May. On May 26, 1938, he went to Istanbul for treatment and rest, never to return. He settled in Dolmabahçe on 27 May and was examined by Dr. Neşet Ömer İrdelp on 29 May, and it was stated that he started to collect water in his stomach. He went to the Savarona Yacht on June 1 with Hasan Rıza Soyak, Salih Bozok, Kılıç Ali and his aide Celal, as the doctors stated that the sea air was good. Even in this situation, he continued to deal with the country's problems, met with the Romanian king who came to Istanbul and chaired the meeting of the Council of Ministers. On June 8, Prof.Dr.Fiessenger at Savarona; “The patient will lead a quiet and peaceful life, and his mind and body will avoid all kinds of fatigue”. made a suggestion. In the letter he wrote to Afet in Geneva on 14 June, ATATÜRK complained that "not treating his illness is the fault of the doctors". During this period, his discomfort increased with the work he had done.
On 16 July, French Prof. Dr. Fiessenger found his condition much worse during the examination in Savarona; “With the help of medicine, Atatürk can finally live another year or two. But now when you go to bed you may find him dead from an intestinal or brain hemorrhage. Take your actions accordingly”. Falih Rıfkı Atay; “Atatürk seemed to have tried not to make anyone feel his discomfort and understood that he was going to die. Atatürk's philosophy of death was simple; “To wish for death is not courage, but to fear death is folly.” He showed his courage with his words. Atatürk, who stayed in Savarona until 24 July, was transferred to Dolmabahçe Palace with the decision of the doctors when his illness worsened. Pof.Dr.Von Bergmann, director of the Berlin Internal Medicine clinic, and Prof.Dr. Eppinger decided to take water from the abdominal cavity as a result of examination consultations with Turkish doctors on July 31-August 6, 1938. ATATÜRK accepted the taking of water, but when he realized that it was risky, he realized the seriousness of his illness and wrote his will on September 5, 1938. In his will; He donated most of his wealth to the People's Anecdote, his farms to the treasury, and some of his real estate to Ankara and Bursa Municipality. After deducting the necessary amount from his inheritance to cover the monthly expenses of his sister Makbule and to buy a house in Çankaya, to cover the monthly expenses of his 5 adopted daughters and to buy a house for Sabiha Gökçen, to cover the monthly expenses of İsmet İnönü's children's education, the remaining amount is left in Turkish Language and to the Historical Institutions.
There were doctors who even claimed that his disease was an ant bite, but Prof.Dr.Gülendame Saygı, who made his life a scientist; He thought that ATATÜRK probably caught the "Schistosome" type parasites that cause urinary tract disease and cirrhosis while he was on duty in the warm lands of the Middle East, in Cairo. He believed that he might have been infected by the water and parasites that are very common in that region, sometimes on horseback, sometimes even on foot, during one of his long journeys, for example, on the way to Cairo. Alcohol was not the cause of his illness; “It wasn't alcohol that caused his cirrhosis, it was these parasites.” Prof.Dr.Fissenger, who came four times for examination and treatment; “The idea that this disease comes from drinking alone is not true. My, Morocco, Tunisia ve I have many Muslim patients from Algeria who have never put any spirits in their mouths in their lifetime. In my opinion, reasons such as unbalanced diet and constant constipation are among them.” There was another evidence for the determination of Dr Saygı.
The greatest leader, national hero, and great genius of the 21st century has begun to lose sight of his nation and humanity. During this period of illness, the "Hatay Issue" caused him great pain and suffering. ATATÜRK's severe illness lasted 8 months from March 1938 to 10 November. His disease progressed more and more each day, and water was taken from his stomach on October 13 with the accumulation of water in his stomach. He went into a coma for the first time on 17 October 1938 with his illness, continued until 18 October and gradually came out of the coma on 19 October. In the period following the coma, he stayed on the Savarona yacht for a while, then he was taken to the Dolmabahçe Palace. He said that he could go to Ankara for the 29 October Republic Day celebrations, and all he wanted was to attend the 15th anniversary ceremonies of the Republic and to say goodbye to his army and nation. However, when his health deteriorated again and he gave up hope of going to Ankara; “I don't see any benefit in going to Ankara with my weak state. If I go, I should at least be able to walk to the car without anyone's help, greet my friends, it's not worth it if I can't do that. I will not go to Ankara”. To Celal Bayar; “I wish the great command the best of luck in all your undertakings, as it has been up to now. Do not forget to say my greetings and conversations to my friends”. On October 29, 1938, Prime Minister Celal Bayar read his last message to the Turkish nation and army; “The heroic Turkish army, whose victories and past began with the history of humanity, and which always carries the lights of civilization with victories, is ready and ready to fulfill its duty at any moment, which consists of protecting the glory and honor of the Turkish homeland and the Turkish community against all kinds of internal and external dangers. we have full faith and confidence in our nation”. He stated the importance of the Turkish Army and his trust in it. On the night of October 29, Republic Day, military school students approaching the dock of Dolmabahçe Palace by ferry, accompanied by the marches played by the military band, passed by saying, "The mountain is full of smoke, the Gümüş creek does not stop," as they passed by, "We want to see ATATÜRK, our Father." their voices soared to the heavens. All their heads and eyes are on the windows, all hearts beat for him. He was lifted from his bed by his arm, seated by the window, greeting the students and humming along with them. He returned to his deathbed with tears, with the words "These holidays and tomorrows are yours, goodbye". Turkish youth said goodbye to their ancestors and said goodbye, because this was their last encounter with them.
ATATÜRK fell into a severe coma for the second and final time on 8 November 1938, continued on 9 November, and it was stated that his condition deteriorated with the communiqués published at 10:00, 20:00 and 24:00 in the President's General Secretariat. He once went into a coma that lasted for 3 days, got rid of it and his doctor said; Although he said "I am not telling you anything literary, I am telling you as a person who knows the power of medicine in the twentieth century, death was afraid of him", but he could not wake up from the second and final coma. ATATURK; At 9.05 in the morning of 10 November 1938, with a stern soldier's gaze, he turned towards the doctor at his bedside, opened his eyes, and directed those beautiful blue eyes to Hasan Rıza Soyak, Kılıç Ali and Salih Bozok, Guard Division Commander İsmail Hakkı Tekçe, who were waiting for the last time. The eyes that fascinated and impressed the world in Dolmabahçe Palace were now closed forever and gave their last breath. Dr. Mim Kemal Öke closed his eyes and tied his chin with a white silk handkerchief branded Gazi Mustafa Kemal (G.M.K) in Dr. Kamil Berk. Hasan Rıza Soyak, his last words to Prof. Dr. Neşet Ömer İrdelp; He stated that he said "Aleykumselam". Salih Bozok, who entered the room a few minutes after his death, went out when he saw his lifeless body and shot him in the chest with a gun, but the bullet grazed his heart. Prof. Dr. Neşet Ömer İrdelp, Prof. Dr. Mim Kemal Öke and Prof. Dr. Nihad Reşat, and Prof. Dr. Akil Muhtar Özden, Prof. Dr. Hayrullah Diker, Prof. Dr. Atatürk, who were assigned to treat Atatürk's illness and were with him at his death. The death of the team consisting of Dr. Süreyya Hidayet Serter, Dr. Mehmet Kamil Berk and Dr. Abravaya Marmaralı; He declared with the report, "The graveness of President Atatürk's public situation increased every moment after the communiqué published at 24 o'clock last night, today, on Thursday, November 10, 1938, at five past nine, our great chief left in a deep coma."
on November 10; With the government statement "The Turkish homeland has lost its great builder, the Turkish Nation has lost its Great Chief, humanity has lost its great son", the Turkish nation learned of the death of its great leader who had guided it for nearly twenty years. On 16 November, the public floor, wrapped in the Turkish flag, and his holy body placed on a special catafalk, in the great reception hall of Dolmabahçe Palace. swept past the stupor. The Turkish people expressed their respect, gratitude and devotion to their great leader in a flood of tears that passed in front of them for 3 days and 3 nights. For the transfer of his body to Ankara, on November 19, at 08.10, the distinguished Islamic scholar and theologian Ord.Prof.Dr.Şerafettin Yaltkaya washed his body according to the Muslim manner, performed the funeral prayer, and his body was placed on the general's shoulder at 12:45 with a great ceremony. Moved to the Victory Torpedo. He was sent to Izmit at 19.30 and to Ankara by a special train at 20.20 in the battleship Yavuz accompanied by our navy and foreign ships. The train was slowed down at the stations and the people were allowed to offer their last love and respect. On 20 November 1938, at 10.30 am, his body was greeted with a ceremony by President İsmet İnönü, Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey Abdülhalik Renda, Chief of General Staff Fevzi Çakmak, ministers, deputies, army and state dignitaries. Prime Minister Celal Bayar came with Hasan Rıza Soyak and some of his old friends in the wagon behind the coffin. His body was placed in the katafalka, which was prepared for the public's visit, in front of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, starting at 12.10. The vigil of respect held by his comrades-in-arms started at 10.30 am on 20 November 1938 and continued until 09:00 on 21 November. On November 21, 1938, a great military ceremony was held in which civil and military administrators and representatives of many foreign states were present and attended by tens of thousands of people. 17 world states sent their special representatives and military units from 9 countries participated in the cortege. Foreign generals who fought against him in Çanakkale and other battles drew attention at the ceremony. President İsmet İnönü at the funeral; “The incomparable hero Atatürk; the country is grateful to you” said goodbye to the national hero of the Turkish Nation. His body was buried in the Ankara Ethnography Museum, his temporary resting place, until a mausoleum worthy of him was built. The Turkish nation had an Anıtkabir built in Rasattepe, worthy of this great man, and his body, which was taken from the Ethnography Museum on November 10, 1953, was brought to its eternal resting place in Anıtkabir with a magnificent ceremony. In the tomb prepared in the octagonal room, located right under the mausoleum made of one piece of marble in the hall of honor, the "homeland" prepared with prayers and lands brought from all provinces of the country and Cyprus, in accordance with Islamic principles, embraced its great ATA and his immortal body was entrusted to its citizens.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk said, “Seeing me does not necessarily mean seeing my face. If you understand my ideas, my emotions and feel, this is enough. There are two Mustafa Kemals. One of them is me, flesh and bone, individual, mortal Mustafa Kemal. The second Mustafa Kemal cannot express him with the word “I”; it's not me, it's "us". In other words, you, working peasants, vigilant, enlightened, nationalist citizens. That Mustafa Kemal does not die. It is an intellectual and warrior community that strives for a new idea, new life and great ideal in every corner of the country. I'm representing their dreams. My attempts are to satisfy what they crave. That Mustafa Kemal is you, all of you. He is Mustafa Kemal who is not temporary, who must live and succeed!” He has been a brilliant and inspiring leader who lifted Europe's "Sick Man" from his bed and gave it new life and vitality. The Republic of Turkey broke the colonialism terms with the Treaty of Lausanne and became the first nation to get rid of the domination and oppression of the West. It has made a series of revolutions in the fields of politics, society, law, education, culture and economy in order to develop the country, raise the living standard of its people and "raise Turkey to the level of contemporary civilization". With its revolutions, women, conscience and thought were made free, free and independent, and nationalism took the place of ummahism. Agricultural and trade resources were appropriated to the nation, and national and domestic industry was born. National banks were established, foreign and privileged companies were nationalized. By changing the writing and language, the Arab culture was freed from slavery. In the darkest moment of the Turkish Nation's history, it has brought a new life and hope. With its entry into the League of Nations in 1932, the signing of the Balkan Entente in 1934, the Montreux Straits Convention in 1936 and the Sadabat Pact in 1937, Turkey came to the fore as an influential actor in the region and in the world. The Congress of the Republican People's Party gave Atatürk the title of "Eternal Chief" on December 26, 1938.
On the 83rd anniversary of the death of Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK, the architect of our national independence, the founder of our Republic, and the great leader, we renew our faith in him and reiterate our commitment to his revolutions, while experiencing the sadness of losing him. He is not only a talented commander who successfully led the Turkish Nation's War of Independence, but also became the world leader of the 21st century with his revolutions. For most of his 57-year life, the freedom of his citizen and homeland He worked tirelessly for his independence and happiness, and as a result of these efforts, he emerged victorious from every struggle he entered. The Turkish miracle created by Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK and his comrades, who won the National Struggle, which is a life and death war, with the spirit and fire of the National Forces, by facing all the difficulties, impossibilities, rebellions and betrayals against the imperialist foreign powers and the collaborator administration, is the Turkish miracle of complete independence, freedom, national sovereignty and independence. It is our duty to tell future generations a "national war" aimed at enlightenment. He cleared the remnants of the sultan-caliph reign of a 623-year-old empire, established a republic aimed at democracy, raised the slave-servant to the level of the citizen who is the element of the nation, replaced the male dominance with the equality of men and women, fully independent, modern, contemporary and civilized, who passed from the ummah to the nation order. He established the "State of the Republic of Turkey". “My humble body will surely become soil one day” and “My duty is not finished, it will not end, it will continue after I become soil.” His social duty did not end after his death, it continues even after 83 years. The nation lives in our consciousness, in our national unity and integrity, in our independence. ATATÜRK, the founder of the Republic of Turkey and the owner of the revolutions, said, “We wouldn't be here if you didn't exist. Let's not get a slice of dry bread to make a living, if the world falls after us, If the ground is shaken, we will not pass by you, nor by your work." The great leader who has his name written in golden letters in Turkish history, you will live and be kept alive in the heart of the Turkish Nation forever with his strong ideas and solid works.
REFERENCES;
All Works of ATATÜRK, (1929-1930). Reference publications, C-18, 2011, Istanbul.
ATAY, Falih Rıfkı, Çankaya, Pozitif Publications, Istanbul.
KOCATÜRK, Utkan, “Illness, Last Days and Death of Great Leader Atatürk. (November 10, 1938)”, ATATÜRK Research Center, Issue 2, Volume: I, March1985, Ankara.
KOCATÜRK,Utkan, "Atatürk's Diary From His Birth To His Death", ATATÜRK Research Center, 2007, Ankara.
LEWIS, Bernard, The Birth of Modern Turkey, Turkish Historical Society, 2007, Ankara.
TRANSPORTERS, Erol, Our Idea Guide, Gazi Mustafa Kemal, Alfa Publications, 2008, Istanbul.
SOYAK, Hasan Riza; Memories from ATATÜRK II, 1973, Istanbul.