Turkish-Mongol Emperor: Genghis Khan (4)

Genghis Khan Laws and Rule of Law Practices:

Genghis Khan treated all religions equally. It exempted representatives of each religion from taxation. He introduced a series of laws to prevent fighting for the title of khanate. These were the laws of Genghis Khan. By law, the Khan had to be elected at the convention. Genghis Khan considered it a crime to come to the Khanate without an election.

He strictly forbade the system that legitimizes fratricide in the khanate race. According to the laws of Genghis, the family was held responsible for the crimes of individuals. In the military, units such as squads, squads and companies were seen as a family. In this respect, the military units were held responsible for all the wrong actions of the soldiers in the unit, especially the unit commander. Thus, the whole country began to operate a mechanism that was held responsible for living virtuously in accordance with the law. Genghis Khan declared that the laws named after him were superior to individuals and even sovereign rulers. Today's concepts of rule of law and rule of law came to life in the Turkish-Mongolian Empire with the laws of Genghis Khan at that time.

Genghis Khan's Communication System:

He ordered the development of a writing system in order to inform all parts of this great country. He formed fast mounted cavalry units called "archer messengers" to oversee the execution of his orders and laws from one end of his empire to the other. He established a similar communication and postal system implemented by Rome, faster and smoother, in the steppes and plains of Central Asia. He had stations built every 30 kilometers. 25 families were assigned to protect each station and carry out transportation activities.

In this way, he established a total of 64 stations from east to west. The English historian Edward Gibbon says about Genghis Khan: "The world was shaken because of Genghis and his descendants: Sultans were overthrown, Caliphs fell, and Caesars trembled on their thrones." The tribe that supported Genghis Khan the most was the Uighurs, the people of the same region. There were Buddhist Uyghurs and Muslim Uyghurs among them.

During the reign of Genghis Khan, the Muslims in the Kashkar region, which was a part of the Uighur lands, were given great support. So much so that, according to the Iranian historian Juwayni: "The people of Kashkar saw the Mongols as a blessing and benevolence from Allah." According to Juwayni: "Complete peace, tranquility and security were established in the places under his rule and he brought extraordinary wealth to the lands under his rule. The roads were safe and the disturbances were over."

Genghis Khan also sent delegations to the Sultan of Khwarezmshah. According to the legend; "Let's agree, I will accept you as my son," he said. The Sultan compelledly accepted the "paternity" offer from Cengiz. Based on this, Cengiz showed his generosity by sending gifts to the Sultan with a large caravan of luxurious silks and precious stones, accompanied by 450 merchants, and gave the message that those who obeyed him would end up "good". However, on the way, a governor of the Sultan of Khwarezm plundered the caravan. He killed the entire delegation. This perfidiousness caused the army of Khorezm and the army of Genghis to fight. In fact, the Khorezm army was almost three times larger than Genghis's. More than 80 percent of Genghis Khan's army consisted of Turks. In other words, both sides were actually of Turkish descent. In the war, he became the Sultan of Khwarezm, who was defeated and lost.

City Wars of the Mongols:

When the Mongols attacked a city, they first separated the professionals in that city that they thought would be useful later on. The literate, the scribes, the doctors, the engineers, the teachers, the priests, the imams, the craftsmen, the craftsmen, the merchants were leaving and were almost taken under protection. They used this departed professional in their services to make the Turkish-Mongolian empire a more prosperous country.

In the meantime, they were definitely punishing the aristocrats (the leading politicians of the time) with death in the cities they decided not to leave stone. Thus, they did not hesitate to show the notables of other cities what would be the end or punishment of those who did not surrender their city on their own, as a painful and violent practice. In short, if Genghis Khan made an agreement with a state or city, he required that both he and the party he made the agreement to comply with that agreement. If the other party acted contrary to the agreement, Genghis's "international law order" would come into play, and if he was ruthless against the administrations and cities that did not comply with the agreement, Cengiz was fulfilling the requirement of this international system.

There are historians who say the number of people killed by the Mongols in these wars is 5 million, and there are those who write as 25 million. In my opinion, such numbers do not have an exact equivalent, but they are meaningful in terms of giving us an idea. At that time, each of the Asian societies had approximately the same weapons of war. It turns out that in order to kill that many people, each Mongolian soldier would have to kill at least 500 people. This is never reasonable or logical. I think the deliberate figures given by Western historians are to cover up the atrocities in their own history.

Genghis Khan did not use infectious diseases in wars like European invaders, he did not use napalm bombs. He did not use the atomic bomb. Only hand-to-hand battles were won in battles.

Warrior Spirit:

The source of the superiority of the Mongols against the armies they fought was the military war tactics they developed. Also, renowned as fearless warriors, Genghis' army was thriving under Genghis Khan's command. These successive successes ensured that the morale of Genghis' army always remained at the highest level.

Before taking his army on a campaign, Genghis Khan always did a drill and played the simulation of the war with today's understanding. Thus, before even fighting, he would see possible mistakes on the spot, decide on the situation of the troops and what should be done to prevent the same mistakes in the war, and enter the war in such a ready way. Genghis Khan used a very rational approach to leave nothing to chance, and after analyzing his enemy thoroughly, he would go to war with his enemy whenever and wherever he wanted. He did not care about the number or size of the enemy, he pondered where he could go wrong. He was a commander who was very good at detecting the weak points of his enemy and loading from there.

Genghis Khan's fear of forcing an agreement was equivalent to today's public diplomacy. In this way, most societies and cities surrendered without resistance. Those who surrendered voluntarily were never touched. They were allowed to become a part of the Turkish-Mongolian system.

Not Mongolian, Turko-Mongol Empire:

Genghis Khan's military, political and administrative genius was fictionalized in relation to his national identity. In this way, the genes of national identity and leadership in their administrative and political successes were passed on to their children and grandchildren. Each of his children and grandchildren, by establishing separate empires and great states, kept the name of the Genghis Empire and the spirit of leadership alive on earth for nearly 800 years. All of the established states are Turko-Mongol states. Not just the Mongolian state. US Prof. This is also the case, according to the research results of historian Jack WEATHERFORD.

History Professor Afet İNAN also said the following in the statement he presented at the First Turkish History Congress: "The name Mongolian was heard for the first time after the successes of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan is from the small Burchikin tribe settled in the Kerulen and Onon valleys in the southeast of Lake Baikal. This tribe is originally from the Tungusic branch. The Tungusic branch is also subject to Tugrul, Khan of the Turkish Kerayit state.Cengiz Khan started by gathering the Kerayit and Nayman Turks, together with Tungus and Tatars, around him with great success.Cengiz counted all the races and tribes that he united as one family. These masses, which are called Mongols in the Western press, are referred to as Tatars in the Orkhon inscriptions.”

Marco Polo, who went to Kublai Khan in the 13th century and wrote his memories on his return after living for years, wrote these societies as Tatar. In other words, a very large part of the Genghis Empire was formed from Turkish tribes. Turkish It is an empire under the rule of the people.

The Burchikin tribe, a small tribe that took the Mongol name, also melted into the large Turkish mass. Genghis Khan's mother is a Turkish woman named Ulun Eke.

At the International First Turkish History Congress held in July 1932, Prof. Afet İNAN read the Concluding Statement in this way: “I wish we could have wished well with our pure feelings, that there had been no war. However, while the bloodiest and most dangerous western imperialism in the history of humanity is still in front of you with all its violence, it is imperative that we take strength from our history to protect us from it. By understanding the spirit of your achievements in your history, it is easily possible for us to find sufficient protection and development strength.