Putin's Challenge: "Unipolarity Is Over."

Unipolarity is Over:

To declare that "Unipolarity is Over", it is necessary to attend the 25th St. Should he have been expected to inform the world at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum? Of course not, the mega power position of the United States of America (USA), the subject of unipolarity, had already become controversial with the beginning of the 21st century. III. By the millennium, our globe had already begun to evolve from unipolar to multipolar in terms of "geopolitical and economic". Addressing the whole world from "Saint Petersburg", the second largest city of the Russian Federation (RF) after Moscow, which was known as Leningrad during the Soviet Union's time, which served as the capital of the Russian Tsardom for 200 years, Putin said: "The unipolar world order has come to an end." He set a new milestone with his challenge. In addition, reacting to the EU (D) sanctions, Putin threatened and almost challenged the West with the words "Nothing will be the same as before in global politics". As a matter of fact, this is an "ayan's confession" in the old saying, it is the revealing of the obvious, the known, the obvious. The admitted unipolarity is no longer contentious and controversial, and has publicly revealed a situation that no one can object to. There is no longer a situation that is not understood by anyone. Since even the deaf sultan in Egypt heard that unipolarity has come to an end, there is no need to prove this situation with economic theories.

The Theory of the Encounter of Civilizations

The historical evolution or the (continuing) historical events revealed by the British historian and philosopher of history Arnold J. Toynbee in his main twelve-volume work titled "A Study of History" is the famous "Challenge-Response". (Challange - Respond) is shaped according to the thesis. According to the civilization theory developed by Toynbee, a civilization is born and develops through the mechanism of "Challenge and Response". The challenge to societies can be geographical, climatic, military or political. A challenge must be neither too harsh nor too weak to lead to action. Of course, an effective challenge encourages creativity, but it also disrupts existing harmony. Toynbee argues that the development that is called civilization occurs with the development of technology, science and the impersonal use of power and has nothing to do with honesty and moral development. Moreover, according to him, the geographical expansion of society is not a definite measure in the growth of a civilization. The growth of civilization is not only due to technological progress and society's growing dominance over the physical environment. Because there are societies that have stagnated although the technique has advanced. (1)

Clash of Civilizations Theory

As a matter of fact, it seems that today's USA has evolved into just such a situation. The 'Clash of Civilizations Theory' developed by Toynbee, who counts more than thirty civilizations that have emerged on earth to date, has evolved into the 'Clash of Civilizations' by Samuel P. Huntington, who was also a theory of interventionism in time, and the world is faced with an inextricable situation for the re-establishment of the world order. has been brought. According to the American political scientist Samuel P. Huntington, who suggested that people's identities based on culture and religion in the world would be the main source of conflict, he argued that future wars would break out between cultures, not between countries. As the famous US Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger stated in the introduction of Huntington's book 'The Clash of Civilizations', in the post-Cold War world people's identities based on culture and religion will be the main source of conflict, conflict with the concept of different civilizations as the highest degree of cultural identity. He described how it could become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential (2) Indeed, the world that the USA tried to shape with the concept of othering after the cold war has gone through a turbulent evolutionary process.

Errors Repeat, Not History:

XVIII, known for his theory of opposites. Karl Marx, who put the thesis that "the greatest lesson to be learned from history is not to learn from it" as described by the famous German thinker of the century Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, on the basis of his own philosophical system, basically put forward the idea of ​​changing the world, not only understanding and perceiving the world, but also going beyond that. . While Marx's historical truths and historical materialism aim to be a verifiable theory of the causes of social change, it also demonstrates the value he places on the science of history and its proper understanding and understanding. Similar to Hegel, it is extremely meaningful for Marx to say that history is a repeat of history, and that an event that ended as a tragedy for the first time in history would only be a comedy if it happened a second time in the same way. However, the best answer that can be given to these two theories is the II. It is the idea that "history does not repeat itself, but mistakes do," with a very accurate description by Abdulhamid. (3)

For the first time, the "English Game" of Great Britain, the mega power of time, which injected the idea of ​​"history repeats itself" to the rest of the world, was interrupted and paused. Sultan II. Abdulhamid, using his power of caliphate, increased his influence over the Islamic World, not only did he reject the establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine, but also banned the sale of land to British citizens and Jews, and even deed the region. (4)

After the Second World War, the USA's mega power position emerged very clearly, and a unipolar system was formed in the world, with the USA monopolizing the supremacy. The world, which is in constant change and motion, has faced heavy economic destruction due to many political instability, military conflicts and finally the global epidemic after the cold war. As a natural consequence of the synergy outside the USA, it necessarily deviated from the unipolar path left over from the Second World War. More accurately, the concept of unipolarity, which was accepted globally during the cold war, remained in the dusty pages of history and evolved into the concept of multipolarity in geopolitical and economic terms. In other words, with the 21st century, a multi-polar system has emerged that will disrupt the chemistry of the unipolar system.

The Wealth of Nations and the Global Financial System:

As it is known, the formation of nation-states and the struggle to gain international power brought about the establishment of a certain balance, as well as different economic activities. However, it should be stated in advance that a lot of economic water has flowed over the "Let them do it, let them pass" which Adam Smith stated in his work "The Wealth of Nations". It is for this reason that the change of the unipolar world system has inevitably emerged. The most important fact of this is that the global financial system network was manipulated by the USA, which also allowed them to manage the world economy system. As a natural consequence of this trend, III. With the onset of the millennium, rivals began to emerge against the US status quo, which held the international financial system. “Super-National” (5) institutions such as BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and the Republic of South Africa) and AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank), led by China and Russia, which represent multi-polarity, have begun to break the continuity of the status quo. .

The manifestation of this situation is the reserve currencies (US Dollar, Euro, British Pound, Japanese Yen) used in the calculation of the SDR (Special Drawing Rights) (6), a unit of account created by the IMF in 1969 to support international reserves. It became evident with the acceptance of the Chinese currency Yuan as a reserve currency.

Although the IMF did not want to face this existing reality, it was faced with the Yuan reality. Of these currencies, the rate of the dollar in the basket rate is 42 percent, 31 percent of the euro, 11 percent of the yuan, and 8 percent of the yen and pound.(7)

China and Multipolarity:

In the multipolar world, it is possible to see many countries and organizations that come to the fore as the counterpart of economic and geopolitical concepts. Among these, states such as China and Russia have come to the fore. At the global level, China and Russia have strengthened their strategic intensities both geopolitically and economically. The "Containment" policy, which is almost in the genes of the Russians, has accelerated even more. Russia's military intervention in Georgia, the Occupation of Crimea, the deployment of paramilitary forces in the east of Ukraine after the Ukraine War, and the Ukraine War have strengthened it geopolitically and economically. Likewise, China has emerged as a manifestation of multi-polarity in its world politics, by turning the concept of unipolarity upside down in terms of economy, military, geopolitics and technology, gaining strength by making great developments and pursuing a dominant policy.

Today, China not only dominates the South China Sea, but also makes the biggest investments in the African continent, strengthens its presence in the Middle East, and has made commercial agreements with the EU in recent years, indicating that the existence of our unipolar world has been suspended. XXI, which is interpreted as the rise of the East under the leadership of China on a global level, as described in the "National Security Strategy Document" of the USA. In the 19th century, its sphere of influence shifted to Asia and the Pacific. The excessive reference to China and Russia in the "National Security Strategy Document" announced by US President Trump is a sign of the USA's confrontation with the reality of a multipolar world. In the strategic document in question, the prominence of the RF in terms of geopolitics, but even more of China in the geopolitical-economic sense, clearly shows that the unipolar dream of the USA is over.

Putin's Evaluation of the Global System:

Putin, all the changing parameters of the global plane, 25th St. Petersburg International Economic Forum in the following sentences:

'My western counterparts treat other countries as their colonies. Our banking system stabilized and provided sufficient liquidity to the economy. The pessimistic forecasts for our economy did not materialize. We have overcome the rapid rise in inflation. It is important to improve the availability of long-term loans.'

'The USA has been a major player in the food market for many years. They were very proud of that, but now that has changed.' Putin said, “The USA stopped exporting food and started to import food from the world. This also appears in the EU. The increase in demand caused an increase in inflation all over the world. The EU has lost its political dominance, its bureaucratic elite is dancing to someone else's whistle, harming its own population.'

‘The poorest countries have faced astronomical numbers in recent years. When we look at the imports of the USA, it has reached 350 billion dollars at the moment.

Emphasizing that the USA took the steps it wanted when it did not like the policies of other countries, Putin said, "Many countries ask why our money is losing its value against the dollar and the euro in the inflation storm," and Putin stated that this situation put other countries in trouble, "Global reserves will change in the coming years. When money loses value, real resources will replace them. These are also energy and food' expressions.

Stating that the USA prints money and buys food from global markets, the Russian leader said, “It is important to increase food supply to global markets. We will ship food to Africa and the Middle East. All the tasks of the special military operation will be carried out,' he said. (8)

Weakening US Dollar:

Although the unipolar reality is moving away from the globalizing world, the economic integrations strengthened as a manifestation of the multipolar reality, the possibility of international financial institutions such as the "World Bank" (IMF) to move to China in the near future has greatly reduced the impact of the US dollar. In fact, the huge accumulation of US dollar reserves in the world in China is a reflection of this reality. From this point of view, the Republic of Turkey has been trying to increase its Chinese Government Bond reserves through the Treasury in recent years. Here are the signs in this direction, on June 17, 2022, on the 25th St. It was introduced by Chinese President Xi Jinping, who delivered a speech in an online format to the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum. Emphasizing that there are unprecedented challenges in the implementation of the United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, President Jinping expressed China's global decision-making thinking as follows:

“At a time when the international community is so eager to achieve more equitable, sustainable and secure development, we must seize opportunities, confront challenges head-on, and work on the implementation of the “Global Development Initiative” to build a shared future of peace and prosperity.”

China's Contribution to the Global Economy: Multilateralism:

“We must follow in the footsteps of true multilateralism, respect and support all countries to pursue development paths appropriate to their national contexts, build an open world economy, and voice their voice on making global development more balanced, coordinated and inclusive, with emerging markets and representation of countries in global governance. We need to increase our perspective"

Pointing out that the fundamentals of the Chinese economy in the form of resilience, enormous potential and long-term sustainability have not changed, President Xi Jinping said, "We have full confidence in China's economic development. China will continue to support high-quality development, will firmly expand high-standard opening up, and provide high-quality "Belt and Road". He once again emphasized China's global project by saying "will continue to cooperate".

"China is ready to work with Russia and other countries to explore development possibilities, share growth opportunities, and make new contributions to deepening global development cooperation and building a community with a common future for humanity," he said, revealing the organism of multipolarity. (9)

QUAD-AUKUS Balance:

After all this, it can be said that III. States such as the PRC, RF, India, Japan, and supranational organizations such as the EU, which represent multi-polarity with the millennium, have managed to weaken the hegemony of the USA, and in this way, our old world has turned towards a "multipolar" path in both "Geopolitical" and "Economic" terms. . This is an irreversible path and an irreversible reality. A nuclear retaliation against China with QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue), which was formed under the leadership of the USA, between the USA, India, Japan and Australia, which is considered as an alliance aimed at 'balancing China' in the Indo-Pacific region. Military alliances such as the AUKUS (Australia, UK and USA) project will not be able to stop this trend, dear readers.

Footnotes:

(1) Enes Kabakcı, TOYNBEE, Arnold J. (1889-1975), Türk Diyanet Vakfı (TDV) İslâm Ansiklopedisi;  https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/

toynbee-arnold-j/Erişim Tarihi 19.06.2022/

(2) Samuel P. Huntington, Çev. Elif Berktaş, Medeniyetler Çatışması ve Dünya Düzeninin Yeniden Kurulması, Yayınevi: Panama Yayıncılık, 1. Basım, İstanbul, 2021.

(3) Yavuz Bahadıroğlu, Osmanlı’da Derin Devlet ve II.Abdülhamit, Ankara, Aralık 2019, s.7

(4) Yavuz Bahadıroğlu, age, s.13

(5)https://tasam.org/Files/Icerik/File/

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547a26737.pdf/Eerişim Tarihi 19.06.2022/

(6) SDR başlangıçta 0.888671 gram saf altına eşitken, yani 1 SDR = 1 ABD Doları iken, Bretton Woods Sistemi çöküp dünya üzerindeki para birimleri dalgalı kur uygulamasına geçince Temmuz 1974'ten itibaren SDR'nin değeri farklı ülkelerin para birimlerine endekslenmiştir.

(7) https://www.ekonomist.com.tr/encyclopedia/

sdr-nedir-ne-anlama-geliyor/Erişim Tarihi 19.06.2022/

(8) https://haberrus.ru/headline/2022/06/17/

putinden-flas-aciklama-tek-kutuplu-duzen-sona-erdi.html/Erişim Tarihi 19.06.2022/

(9) Lotus News, Çin Cumhurbaşkanı, 25'inci St. Petersburg Uluslararası Ekonomik Forumu'nda konuştu, 18.06.2022; https://www.ajanslotus.com/cin-cumhurbaskani-25inci-st-petersburg-uluslararasi-ekonomik-forumunda-konustu/Erişim Tarihi 19.06.2022/